The majority of program interventions relating to school-based Access and Quality are administered under a decentralized management framework that utilizes the school grants mechanism and Activity Menus. Cluster-based working groups that include representation from school clusters, lower secondary schools and commune councils receive training to undertake their own needs assessments, particularly those relating to dropout and repetition. Based on these assessments, working groups will then determine appropriate activities using the Activity Menu that include interventions such as scholarships, curriculum enhancement activities, infrastructure improvements and remediation. Thus, the vast majority of interventions implemented under this component tend to be stakeholder-mediated. Interventions for the rehabilitation of disabled children with service providers in urban areas, child-to-child help networks, and IPM activities are important exceptions in this regard with central program staff members playing an important role. In many cases, both community members and school personnel play a joint role in implementing an intervention requiring close cooperation between technical components.

Summary of Access & Quality Interventions

Intervention Areas	Specific Activities	Problems to Which Interventions Are Relevant
1. Primary School Scholarships	Capacity building for local committees Student survey Scholarship distributions to children at risk	Restrictive school access due to direct costs
2. Lower Secondary School Scholarships	Training of LSMCs Student Selection Scholarship Provision Regular Tracking and Reporting	Restrictive school access due to direct costs
3. Physical Rehabilitation for Physically Challenged Children	School orientations on conducting surveys Referral to appropriate service providers/Travel subsidies Documentation of cases and follow-up	Exclusionary 'push-out' factors: Low sensitivity to student needs
4. Child-to-Child Support for Vulnerable Children	Training of teachers, children, and community members in sensitization workshops Designation of focal personnel for issues relating to disabled children Provision of small grants to facilitate mainstreaming	Exclusionary 'push-out' factors Exclusionary 'pull-out factors' due to low perceived value of education
5. School Latrines & Clean Water	Identification of schools with latrine and water needs Construction of necessary facilities
6. Life Skills for Girls/Boys at Risk	Identification of schools with high dropouts among boy or girls or both Identification of teachers with desired life skills background Capacity building of selected teacher(s) Instruction by selected teachers Monitoring and home visits to children leaving school.	Exclusionary 'pull-out factors' due to low perceived value of education
7. Intermediate Classrooms (ICR)	Identification of schools with underserved catchment area populations Construction of temporary classrooms as per the need	Physical constraints in educational provision
8. General Infrastructure Improvements	Grant awards for minor construction or repair	Physical constraints in educational provision
9. Village and Home-based Remedial Support for Slow Learners	Selection and training of remedial teachers Monthly remuneration of remedial teachers Selection and preparation of sites for remedial activities Distribution of learning aids for children	Low educational relevance and quality
10. CFS Classroom Enhancement	Identification of teachers who are interested in volunteering to teach CFS classrooms Orientation on appropriate classroom set-up and links to child friendly teaching Provision of materials for classroom enhancement	Low educational relevance and quality
11. Integrated Pest Management	Identification of schools with strong interest in agricultural studies Training of resource teachers IPM training for students	Low educational relevance and quality
12. School Library Support	Librarian training Library set-up	Low educational relevance and quality
13. Student Field Trips	Identification of field trip location Acquiring permission from parents Prepping students and actual visit	Low educational relevance and quality
14. First Aid Kits	Distribution of first aid kits to all schools and renewal of contents	Socio-economic 'pull-out' factors relating to health issues
15. School Breakfast Program	Capacity Building of Local SBP Committees Support for Hardware to Set up Kitchens Provision of school breakfasts to all children (with WFP support) Monitoring Support	Socio-economic 'pull-out' factors relating to morning hunger among poor children and health issues
16. Play Grounds	School identification Playground construction	Exclusionary 'pull-out factors' due to low perceived value of education
17. LCSC Administrative Support	Payment of petrol costs to attend monthly and annual planning meetings at cluster level	Non-enabling administrative environment in schools
18. School Self Assessment	Training in using self-evaluation forms Schools apply self-assessment instruments to selected schools	Non-enabling administrative environment in schools
19. Data Collection for Reporting	Training in data collection and analysis Periodic data collection and reporting	Non-enabling administrative environment in schools